LPN exams respiratory practice questions set 14

Correct answer:

cholinergic discharge (acetylcholine, parasympathetic) causes bronchoconstriction, not bronchodilation. Choice B is true; β₂-agonists (e.g., albuterol) activate adrenergic receptors, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. ' β₂-agonists increase mucus secretion, a secondary effect to dilation. Choice D is true; vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle. Cholinergic stimulation, via vagus nerve, contracts bronchioles, increasing resistance opposite to bronchodilation's airway widening. This reflects autonomic balance: parasympathetic constricts, sympathetic (β₂) dilates. A's reversal of this physiology misrepresents airway control, where bronchodilation aids airflow (e.g., asthma treatment), while cholinergic effects narrow airways for rest or protection. Thus, A is the incorrect pairing.

Correct answer:

Total ventilation (VE) = VT × RR; alveolar ventilation (VA) = (VT - VD) × RR. Initially, T and V have VT = 1000 ml, VD = 200 ml, RR = 20/min. VE = 1000 × 20 = 20 L/min; VA = (1000 - 200) × 20 = 800 × 20 = 16 L/min. For T: VT doubles to 2000 ml, RR halves to 10/min. VE = 2000 × 10 = 20 L/min (constant); VA = (2000 - 200) × 10 = 1800 × 10 = 18 L/min (increases). For V: VT halves to 500 ml, RR doubles to 40/min. VE = 500 × 40 = 20 L/min (constant); VA = (500 - 200) × 40 = 300 × 40 = 12 L/min (decreases). T's larger VT boosts VA despite lower RR, as more air exceeds VD. V's smaller VT reduces VA, as dead space consumes a larger fraction per breath despite higher RR. Option B (T: VE constant, VA increases; V: VE constant, VA decreases) matches, reflecting how VT impacts VA efficiency at fixed VE.

Correct answer:

For a client with influenza, the nurse recommends resting in bed and drinking plenty of fluids to speed recovery. Rest conserves energy, letting the immune system combat the virus efficiently, while fluids prevent dehydration from fever and thin mucus, easing airway clearance core self-care for this viral illness. Acetaminophen reduces fever and aches, improving comfort but not hastening recovery itself. Antibiotics treat bacteria, not viruses, so they're irrelevant unless a secondary infection emerges, needing medical assessment. Zinc lozenges lack robust evidence for shortening flu duration and aren't standard care. The nurse prioritizes rest and hydration as proven, accessible measures, per CDC guidelines, supporting the body's natural healing without unnecessary drugs, ensuring the client recovers optimally from uncomplicated flu.

Correct answer:

For a client with influenza, the nurse recommends resting in bed and drinking plenty of fluids to speed recovery. Rest conserves energy, letting the immune system combat the virus efficiently, while fluids prevent dehydration from fever and thin mucus, easing airway clearance core self-care for this viral illness. Acetaminophen reduces fever and aches, improving comfort but not hastening recovery itself. Antibiotics treat bacteria, not viruses, so they're irrelevant unless a secondary infection emerges, needing medical assessment. Zinc lozenges lack robust evidence for shortening flu duration and aren't standard care. The nurse prioritizes rest and hydration as proven, accessible measures, per CDC guidelines, supporting the body's natural healing without unnecessary drugs, ensuring the client recovers optimally from uncomplicated flu.

Correct answer:

The nasopharynx, part of the upper throat behind the nasal cavity, connects directly to several structures. The middle ear links via the Eustachian tube, regulating pressure and draining mucus. The oropharynx lies below, sharing a continuous passage for air and food. The nasal cavity opens into it anteriorly, forming the primary airway. However, the lacrimal glands, located near the eyes, connect to the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct, not the nasopharynx directly tears drain into the nose, bypassing the nasopharynx. This indirect link makes lacrimal glands the exception. Understanding these anatomical relationships is key in respiratory health, as infections can spread via these connections, but the lacrimal glands' drainage path distinguishes them, aligning with their role in tear production rather than respiratory function.

Correct answer:

The nasopharynx, part of the upper throat behind the nasal cavity, connects directly to several structures. The middle ear links via the Eustachian tube, regulating pressure and draining mucus. The oropharynx lies below, sharing a continuous passage for air and food. The nasal cavity opens into it anteriorly, forming the primary airway. However, the lacrimal glands, located near the eyes, connect to the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct, not the nasopharynx directly tears drain into the nose, bypassing the nasopharynx. This indirect link makes lacrimal glands the exception. Understanding these anatomical relationships is key in respiratory health, as infections can spread via these connections, but the lacrimal glands' drainage path distinguishes them, aligning with their role in tear production rather than respiratory function.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is D: It lubricates the movement of the thorax and lungs. Pleural fluid acts as a lubricant between the layers of the pleura, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement during respiration. This function is crucial for the efficient expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. Explanation: 1. A (It allows for full expansion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity): While pleural fluid does contribute to lung expansion, its main role is not to solely allow for full expansion. 2. B (It prevents the lungs from collapsing within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as the pleural pressure, rather than the pleural fluid, prevents lung collapse. 3. C (It limits lung expansion within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as pleural fluid actually facilitates lung expansion by reducing friction.

Correct answer:

Adhesins are proteins or structures on microbial surfaces that enable attachment to host respiratory tissues, a critical step in infection. They bind to specific receptors on epithelial cells, like those in the lungs or nasal passages, allowing pathogens to colonize and evade clearance. Lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin, triggers inflammation but doesn't aid attachment. Hyaluronidase degrades host tissues for invasion, not initial adhesion. Capsules resist phagocytosis but primarily protect, not attach. Adhesins' specificity e.g., in Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza virus makes them vital for establishing respiratory infections, initiating pathogenesis. This attachment precedes toxin release or tissue damage, underlining its importance in microbial strategies, a key focus in understanding respiratory disease mechanisms.

Correct answer:

Adhesins are proteins or structures on microbial surfaces that enable attachment to host respiratory tissues, a critical step in infection. They bind to specific receptors on epithelial cells, like those in the lungs or nasal passages, allowing pathogens to colonize and evade clearance. Lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin, triggers inflammation but doesn't aid attachment. Hyaluronidase degrades host tissues for invasion, not initial adhesion. Capsules resist phagocytosis but primarily protect, not attach. Adhesins' specificity e.g., in Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza virus makes them vital for establishing respiratory infections, initiating pathogenesis. This attachment precedes toxin release or tissue damage, underlining its importance in microbial strategies, a key focus in understanding respiratory disease mechanisms.

Correct answer:

Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension, causing hysteresis different inflation vs. deflation pressures in lung P-V curves due to tension dynamics, a true property. It lowers pulmonary resistance by easing expansion, not increasing it false but not queried. Surfactant deficiency is common in preterm neonates (<37 weeks), causing RDS, but in term neonates (≥37 weeks), production is typically mature, making commonly deficient in term-neonates' incorrect RDS is rare at term barring defects. Surfactant indirectly prevents pulmonary edema by stabilizing alveoli, reducing fluid transudation pressure, though not its primary role true enough. The term-neonate error misaligns with developmental physiology, where surfactant sufficiency is expected, distinguishing it as the incorrect statement amid surfactant's established functions.