You practice vitals, infection control, documentation, and the first nursing action when a patient is unstable. Five of the 15 questions include the correct answer and rationale. The other ten keep answers in the study hub. Continue with the LPN exams exam guide or more LPN exams practice questions.
Five fundamentals questions with answers
Cover the key. Write the first action. Then open the rationale and name why the other choices fail.
Question 1
For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
Show answer and rationale
Correct answer: C — Roy
Callista Roy conceptualized nursing as a theoretical system centered on the care of ill individuals through structured analysis and action. Her Adaptation Model, developed in the 1970s, portrays humans as biopsychosocial beings who adapt to environmental stimuli. Nursing, in her view, involves assessing these stimuli physical, emotional, or social and intervening to promote adaptive responses that maintain homeostasis. This systematic approach distinguishes her from others: King emphasized interpersonal systems and goal-setting, Henderson focused on assisting with daily activities, and Leininger prioritized cultural care. Roy's emphasis on ‘theoretical' highlights nursing as a science, requiring nurses to analyze patient conditions (e.g., stress from illness) and act (e.g., through education or physical support) to enhance coping. Her model's practical application, like managing a patient's pain response, underscores its relevance in clinical settings, making it a foundational framework for evidence-based nursing practice.
Question 2
A 17-year-old client is admitted to the ED after being alternately hyperalert and difficult to arouse. His symptoms all started within the last few hours, during which time he became disoriented and confused. His behavior was agitated and restless, and his memory was impaired, especially for recent events. The client displayed some delusions and misinterpretations of his surroundings. The nurse knows she needs to assess the client further for:
A. Dementia
B. Depression
C. Delirium
D. Amnesia
Show answer and rationale
Correct answer: C — Delirium
The correct answer is C: Delirium. Delirium is characterized by acute and fluctuating changes in cognition, attention, and awareness. The client's sudden onset of symptoms, including disorientation, confusion, agitation, restlessness, impaired memory, delusions, and misinterpretations of surroundings, align with the hallmark features of delirium. The nurse needs to further assess the client for delirium to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate interventions promptly.
Incorrect choices:
A: Dementia - Dementia is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by gradual cognitive decline. The client's acute onset of symptoms is not consistent with dementia.
B: Depression - Depression typically presents with persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest, which are different from the acute and fluctuating cognitive changes seen in delirium.
D: Amnesia - Amnesia refers to memory loss, which is only one aspect of the client's presentation. Delirium involves a broader range of cognitive
Question 3
The A band in a muscle appears and contains
A. dark, both thick and thin myofilaments
B. dark, thin myofilaments
C. light, thick myofilaments
D. light, thin myofilaments
Show answer and rationale
Correct answer: A — dark, both thick and thin myofilaments
The A band, a sarcomere's dark-staining region under a microscope, spans the length of thick myosin filaments, overlapping with thin actin filaments in its outer zones. This overlap causes its anisotropic property, scattering light and appearing dark, unlike the isotropic (I) band's lighter, actin-only composition. Thick filaments anchor at the M line, while thin filaments extend from Z lines, partially interdigitating within the A band during rest. This dual presence distinguishes it from the H zone (thick only) and I band (thin only). The dark appearance stems from dense protein packing, observable in electron micrographs, and remains constant in length during contraction, unlike shrinking I bands. Thin filaments alone wouldn't account for the A band's width or darkness, nor would thick filaments without actin overlap explain its full structure. Muscle physiology texts confirm this composition, critical for cross-bridge formation in contraction, making the A band's dual-filament nature a cornerstone of sarcomere function.
Question 4
The nurse is making assignments for a new graduate from a practical nursing program who is orienting to the unit. Because the unit is particularly busy this day, there will be little time to provide supervision of this new employee. Which client is the best for the nurse to assign this newly graduate practical nurse? A client
A. Whose discharge has been delayed because of a postoperative infection
B. With poorly controlled type 2 diabetes who is on a sliding scale for insulin administration
C. Newly admitted with a head injury who requires frequent assessments
D. Who is receiving IV heparin that is regulated based on protocol
Show answer and rationale
Correct answer: A — Whose discharge has been delayed because of a postoperative infection
The correct answer is option A because this client is the most stable and requires less supervision. Assigning a client whose discharge has been delayed due to a postoperative infection to the newly graduate practical nurse would be appropriate during a busy day as they are likely to need routine care and monitoring rather than immediate intensive interventions. Option B involves a client with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes on a sliding scale for insulin administration, which requires close monitoring and prompt intervention, making it a less suitable assignment for a new graduate who may need more guidance. Option C, a newly admitted patient with a head injury requiring frequent assessments, would demand a higher level of vigilance and expertise, which may be challenging for a new graduate nurse to handle without adequate supervision. Option D, a patient receiving IV heparin regulated based on protocol, involves complex medication management that may be too advanced for a new graduate nurse without sufficient oversight.
Question 5
After fasting from 10 p.m. the previous evening, a client finds out that the blood test has been canceled. The client swears at the nurse and states, "You are incompetent!" Which is the nurse's best response?
A. "Do you believe that I was the cause of your blood test being canceled?"
B. "I see that you are upset, but I feel uncomfortable when you swear at me."
C. "Have you ever thought about ways to express anger appropriately?"
D. "I'll give you some space. Let me know if you need anything."
Show answer and rationale
Correct answer: B — "I see that you are upset, but I feel uncomfortable when you swear at me."
The correct answer is B: "I see that you are upset, but I feel uncomfortable when you swear at me." This response acknowledges the client's emotion, sets a boundary against inappropriate behavior, and expresses the nurse's discomfort without being confrontational. It maintains a professional and therapeutic communication while addressing the client's behavior.
Choice A: "Do you believe that I was the cause of your blood test being canceled?" This response can come off as defensive and may escalate the situation by questioning the client's perception.
Choice C: "Have you ever thought about ways to express anger appropriately?" This response may be perceived as patronizing or dismissive of the client's feelings, potentially leading to further frustration.
Choice D: "I'll give you some space. Let me know if you need anything." While giving space can be helpful, this response does not directly address the client's inappropriate behavior or set boundaries, missing an opportunity to address the behavior constructively.
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Question 6
An elderly client was well until 12 hours ago, when she reported to her family that during the evening she saw strange faces peering in her windows and in the middle of the night awakened to see a man standing at the foot of her bed. She admits to being very frightened. She is presently pacing and somewhat agitated in the examining room. The client's family reports that the client has recently been to the doctor, who made some medication changes, although they are unsure what the changes were. Which nursing intervention should the nurse implement at the time of this client's admission?
A. Interact with the client on an adult to child level.
B. Place the client in a safe, nonstimulating environment.
C. Ask client why she thinks someone would be trying to frighten her.
D. Explain to the family that the client will be restrained for her own good.
Correct answer:
The correct answer is B: Place the client in a safe, nonstimulating environment. This is the most appropriate nursing intervention because the client is experiencing hallucinations and agitation, which could be due to the recent medication changes. Placing the client in a safe, calm environment can help reduce stimulation and provide a sense of security. This intervention addresses the client's immediate needs by ensuring her safety and promoting a sense of comfort.
Incorrect answers:
A: Interact with the client on an adult to child level - This is not appropriate as it does not address the client's current state of distress and could potentially worsen the situation.
C: Ask client why she thinks someone would be trying to frighten her - This is not the priority at this time, as the client is experiencing hallucinations and agitation that need to be managed first.
D: Explain to the family that the client will be restrained for her own good - Restraints should only be used as a last resort and should not be considered
Physical therapists are represented by a union, nurses are represented by a separate union, and pharmacists have yet another union within a single agency. This type of union representation is known by what term?
A. Occupational unionism
B. Industrial unionisms
C. Union shop
D. Power sharing
Correct answer:
The correct answer is A: Occupational unionism. This term refers to the practice of organizing workers within the same occupation or profession into a single union, regardless of the industry or workplace. In this scenario, physical therapists, nurses, and pharmacists, though working in different capacities within the agency, are represented by separate unions based on their respective professions. This type of union representation allows for specialized representation and bargaining power tailored to the unique needs of each profession.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Industrial unionism typically involves organizing workers across different occupations within the same industry.
C: Union shop refers to a workplace where employees are required to join or financially support the union as a condition of employment.
D: Power sharing is a concept related to the distribution of authority and decision-making among different stakeholders, not specifically related to union representation based on occupation.
Which is a crucial issue the nurse working in the late industrialization era would need to address to promote health?
A. Reducing spread of infection
B. Reducing sedentary lifestyle
C. Teaching proper use of medications
D. Teaching use of car seats
Correct answer:
During the late industrialization era, communicable diseases and poor hospital hygiene were major health threats, making reducing infection spread a critical focus. Sedentary lifestyles became a modern concern with technological advances, not a priority then. Teaching medication use and car seat safety emerged later with pharmaceutical and automotive developments. Nurses like Florence Nightingale tackled infection through sanitation, a pressing need amid crowded, unsanitary conditions of the time. This historical challenge informs current practice, where infection control remains vital, especially in pandemics or hospital settings. Nurses today apply hand hygiene, sterilization, and isolation protocols, echoing past efforts to curb disease transmission. Understanding this era's focus helps nurses appreciate the evolution of preventive care, reinforcing their role in educating patients and maintaining sterile environments to protect public health, a direct legacy of industrialization's lessons in managing infectious risks.
What is an important safety measure when a nursing assistant transfers a resident to a surgical bed?
A. Ensuring that the linen is tightly tucked all along the top and bottom of the bed
B. Having the bed and stretcher elevated to the highest position
C. Locking the stretcher and bed wheels before transferring
D. Positioning the bed and stretcher about six inches apart before transferring
Correct answer:
The correct answer is C: Locking the stretcher and bed wheels before transferring. This is important for safety to prevent any movement of the bed or stretcher during the transfer, which could potentially lead to accidents or injuries. By locking the wheels, the surfaces will remain stable and secure, ensuring a smooth and safe transfer process.
Explanation:
1. Locking the wheels ensures stability and prevents unintended movement during the transfer.
2. Prevents the bed or stretcher from rolling or shifting, reducing the risk of falls or accidents.
3. Secures the positioning of the surfaces, making it easier and safer for the nursing assistant to transfer the resident without any unexpected movements.
Summary:
A: Ensuring that the linen is tightly tucked is not directly related to the safety of the transfer process.
B: Elevating the bed and stretcher to the highest position may not be necessary and does not address the safety measure of locking the wheels.
D: Positioning the bed and stretcher six inches apart
Which of the following types of study should the nurse researcher choose if the goal is to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a particular nursing intervention for senior citizens living in the community?
A. Cross-sectional study
B. Ecological study
C. Clinical trial
D. Retrospective analysis
Correct answer:
The correct answer is C: Clinical trial. A clinical trial is the most appropriate type of study to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a nursing intervention in senior citizens. Clinical trials involve controlled experimentation with participants assigned to different groups, allowing for comparison of outcomes over time. This design enables researchers to assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions in a systematic and rigorous manner.
Explanation of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Cross-sectional study - This type of study provides a snapshot of a population at a specific point in time and does not allow for the assessment of long-term benefits and risks.
B: Ecological study - Focuses on group-level data rather than individual-level data, making it less suitable for assessing individual outcomes over time.
D: Retrospective analysis - Involves looking back at historical data, which may not provide the necessary controlled environment to evaluate the long-term effects of a nursing intervention.
During the precordial assessment on an patient who is 8 months pregnant, the nurse palpates the apical impulse at the fourth left intercostal space lateral to the midclavicular line. This finding would indicate:
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy.
B. Increased volume and size of the heart as a result of pregnancy.
C. Displacement of the heart from elevation of the diaphragm.
D. Increased blood flow through the internal mammary artery.
Correct answer:
The correct answer is C: Displacement of the heart from elevation of the diaphragm. During pregnancy, the growing uterus pushes the diaphragm upwards, causing the heart to be displaced upwards and laterally. This displacement results in the apical impulse being palpated at a higher position, such as the fourth left intercostal space lateral to the midclavicular line. This finding is a normal physiological change due to pregnancy and does not indicate any cardiac pathology.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Right ventricular hypertrophy - This is unlikely in a pregnant patient without underlying cardiac conditions.
B: Increased volume and size of the heart as a result of pregnancy - While the heart may undergo some changes during pregnancy, palpating the apical impulse at a higher position is specifically due to displacement of the heart by the elevated diaphragm, not increased heart size.
D: Increased blood flow through the internal mammary artery - This choice is unrelated to the displacement of the heart and the
Which statement best describes how working on a farm is different from working in a factory?
A. Factories have more dangerous dust than farming dust
B. Farm chemicals are more immediately fatal than most industrial chemicals
C. The worksite and the home are the same
D. Workers on farms, unlike those in factories, can bring dangerous substances home on their clothing, which expose their families
Correct answer:
The correct answer is C: The worksite and the home are the same. This is because on a farm, the workers typically live on the farm itself or in close proximity, blurring the lines between work and home. This can lead to longer working hours and less separation between personal and work life compared to factory workers who typically commute to a separate worksite.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Factories have more dangerous dust than farming dust - This statement is not directly related to the difference between working on a farm and in a factory.
B: Farm chemicals are more immediately fatal than most industrial chemicals - While farm chemicals can be dangerous, this statement does not address the difference in worksite environment.
D: Workers on farms, unlike those in factories, can bring dangerous substances home on their clothing, which expose their families - This statement focuses on the potential impact on families but does not directly address the difference in worksite environment.
The nurse evaluates a pattern on the fetal monitor that appears similar to early decelerations. The deceleration begins near the acme of the contraction and continues well beyond the end of the contraction. Which nursing action indicates the proper evaluation of this situation?
A. This pattern reflects variable decelerations. No interventions are necessary at this time
B. Document this Category I fetal heart rate pattern and decrease the rate of the
C. Continue to monitor these early decelerations, which occur as the fetal head is
compressed during a contraction
D. This deceleration pattern is associated with uteroplacental insufficiency. The nurse
Correct answer:
Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. The deceleration pattern described, beginning near the acme of the contraction and extending beyond, is associated with uteroplacental insufficiency.
2. Uteroplacental insufficiency indicates a potential problem with oxygen and nutrient delivery to the fetus.
3. This situation requires immediate intervention to improve oxygenation to the fetus.
4. Monitoring alone is not sufficient; action is needed to address the underlying issue.
5. Therefore, the correct nursing action in this situation is to recognize the potential uteroplacental insufficiency and take appropriate measures to address it.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: This pattern reflects variable decelerations - Incorrect because the described pattern is not characteristic of variable decelerations.
B: Document this Category I fetal heart rate pattern and decrease the rate of the - Incorrect because immediate action is needed in the presence of potential uteroplacental insufficiency.
Which intervention would best address the nursing diagnosis of Imbalanced nutrition for elderly patients in stages 2 to 3 of Alzheimer's disease?
A. Monitor the frequency and characteristics of bowel movements.
B. Offer finger foods the patient can take away from the table.
C. Monitor intake and output, and take patient weights each week.
D. Provide protein-dense foods to provide for neurological regrowth.
Correct answer:
The correct answer is B: Offer finger foods the patient can take away from the table. This intervention is best suited for elderly patients in stages 2 to 3 of Alzheimer's disease as it promotes independent eating, encourages increased food intake, and addresses potential behavioral issues related to Alzheimer's. By offering finger foods that the patient can take away from the table, it allows for easier access to food, enhances the patient's ability to feed themselves, and reduces frustration or confusion that may arise during meal times. This approach supports the patient's autonomy and dignity while also addressing the nursing diagnosis of Imbalanced nutrition.
Choice A is incorrect because monitoring bowel movements does not directly address the nutritional needs of the patient. Choice C focuses more on fluid balance rather than nutrition intake. Choice D is incorrect as providing protein-dense foods does not specifically target the challenges faced by elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease in stages 2 to 3.
The habitual ways that explain how an individual responds to situations that arise in one's life is referred to as
A. Personality
B. Relationship
C. Socialization
D. Interaction
Correct answer:
Personality describes the consistent patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that define how an individual reacts to life's challenges and situations, making each person unique. 'Personality,' is correct because it aligns with this definition, as articulated by Gordon Allport, who viewed personality as a dynamic organization of traits influencing responses. 'Relationship,' refers to connections between people, not individual response patterns. 'Socialization,' is the process of learning societal norms, not the resulting behavioral habits. 'Interaction,' denotes specific exchanges with others, not a stable, habitual trait. Personality's emphasis on enduring, individual-specific responses matches the question's focus on habitual ways, distinguishing it from situational or process-oriented terms. Psychological research, including the Big Five personality traits, reinforces that personality governs how individuals consistently handle life's situations, making A the precise answer over the less relevant alternatives.
LPN exams fundamentals practice questions, set 11 for nursing students in the United States. Fifteen items. Five include answers and rationales in American English.
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