RN exams medical-surgical practice questions set 25

Correct answer:

Step 1: When a bird is transferred to a colder environment (10ºC), its body temperature tends to drop. Step 2: To maintain its body temperature, the bird needs to conserve and produce more heat internally. Step 3: This increased conservation and production of heat help the bird to keep its body temperature at the original constant level. Step 4: Therefore, option D is correct as it accurately describes the physiological response of a bird to a decrease in environmental temperature. Summary: Option A is incorrect because dissipation of heat does not maintain the body temperature but rather leads to a decline. Option B is incorrect as it suggests a decline without considering the bird's ability to regulate its temperature. Option C is incorrect as increased production and conservation of heat would not result in a rise above normal body temperature in response to a colder environment.

Correct answer:

Choice C is correct because ensuring the dressing is sealed and airtight around the wound is essential for effective negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). NPWT relies on consistent subatmospheric pressure to promote healing by removing fluid, reducing edema, and stimulating granulation tissue, which requires an airtight seal to maintain suction. Changing the dressing every 12 hours is too frequent; NPWT dressings are typically changed every 48-72 hours unless specified otherwise, as frequent changes disrupt healing. Irrigating with saline before dressing risks introducing bacteria and interrupting pressure, countering NPWT's purpose cleaning should occur prior, not during application. Clamping the tubing during movement disrupts pressure and risks tissue damage; securing it to avoid kinking is preferred. An airtight seal ensures NPWT's therapeutic benefits, making it the priority action.

Correct answer:

Option B is the most appropriate response when addressing a postpartum client's concerns about resuming sexual activity after a vaginal delivery. Educating the client about the normal changes in sexual desire and response following childbirth can help alleviate anxiety and provide reassurance. It is crucial for the nurse to explain that it is common for women to experience changes in libido, physical discomfort, and emotional adjustments after giving birth. By discussing these normal postpartum changes, the nurse can support the client in understanding that her feelings are valid and that it may take time for her to feel ready to engage in sexual activity again. Furthermore, the nurse can provide information on ways to enhance comfort and intimacy when resuming sexual activity, such as communication with partners, using lubricants, and gradually easing back into sexual activity as desired.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is B: IgE. In Type I hypersensitivity reactions, IgE antibodies are involved. Firstly, upon initial exposure to an allergen, B cells produce IgE antibodies specific to that allergen. IgE antibodies then bind to mast cells and basophils. Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, it cross-links the IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. This results in the symptoms of Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Choice A (IgA) is incorrect because IgA is mainly involved in mucosal immunity. Choice C (IgG) is incorrect because while IgG can be involved in Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions, it is not the primary antibody in Type I hypersensitivity. Choice D (IgM) is incorrect because IgM is typically involved in the primary immune response, not in Type I hypersensitivity reactions.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues. B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues. D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues. In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.

Correct answer:

Prioritizing the application of a topical anesthetic cream to the biopsy site is essential to ensure patient comfort during the bone marrow biopsy procedure. This will help numb the area where the biopsy needle will be inserted, reducing the pain and discomfort experienced by the patient. Administering intravenous sedation may not always be needed for a bone marrow biopsy and should be decided by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs. Providing distraction techniques such as music or relaxation exercises can be helpful, but they may not be as effective at reducing the physical discomfort caused by the procedure. Allowing the patient to eat or drink up to one hour before the procedure is important for other reasons, such as preventing potential complications during sedation or anesthesia, but it is not directly related to ensuring comfort during the biopsy itself.

Correct answer:

The nurse's best approach to address the patient's fear of needles before a blood draw is to provide the patient with information about relaxation techniques and distraction methods (Option B). Dismissing the patient's fear (Option A), ignoring the fear and proceeding quickly (Option C), or telling the patient that the fear is irrational and unfounded (Option D) would not be helpful and could potentially escalate the patient's anxiety. Providing information on relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or visualization, as well as distraction methods like listening to music or engaging in conversation, can help the patient feel more comfortable and reduce their fear and anxiety during the blood draw procedure. It is important for the nurse to acknowledge and address the patient's concerns in a supportive and empathetic manner to build trust and ensure a successful blood draw experience.

Correct answer:

Rationale: Robert Koch is correctly paired with developing techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures. Koch's work laid the foundation for bacteriology and allowed for the isolation and identification of specific disease-causing bacteria. This technique, known as Koch's postulates, revolutionized the field of microbiology by linking specific pathogens to specific diseases. Summary: A: Louis Pasteur - Incorrect. While Pasteur is known for his work in vaccination and pasteurization, the provided accomplishment is associated with Edward Jenner, not Pasteur. B: Paul Ehrlich - Incorrect. Ehrlich is known for his work on immunology and coined the term "magic bullet," but he did not identify lymphocytes as cells mediating adaptive immunity. C: MacFarlane Burnet - Incorrect. Burnet is known for his clonal selection theory, not the side-chain theory of antibodies as described in the choice.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues. B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues. D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues. In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.

Correct answer:

Rationale: Robert Koch is correctly paired with developing techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures. Koch's work laid the foundation for bacteriology and allowed for the isolation and identification of specific disease-causing bacteria. This technique, known as Koch's postulates, revolutionized the field of microbiology by linking specific pathogens to specific diseases. Summary: A: Louis Pasteur - Incorrect. While Pasteur is known for his work in vaccination and pasteurization, the provided accomplishment is associated with Edward Jenner, not Pasteur. B: Paul Ehrlich - Incorrect. Ehrlich is known for his work on immunology and coined the term "magic bullet," but he did not identify lymphocytes as cells mediating adaptive immunity. C: MacFarlane Burnet - Incorrect. Burnet is known for his clonal selection theory, not the side-chain theory of antibodies as described in the choice.