LPN exams pharmacology practice questions set 3

Correct answer:

When a client with angina pectoris continues to experience chest pain despite initial nitroglycerin administration and stable blood pressure, the appropriate next step is to administer another nitroglycerin tablet. This helps to further dilate coronary arteries, improving blood flow to the heart muscle and relieving chest pain. Applying oxygen via nasal cannula (Choice B) may be necessary if the client displays signs of respiratory distress or hypoxemia, but in this case, the priority is addressing the unresolved chest pain. Calling for a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) (Choice C) is important to assess for any changes in the client's cardiac status, but administering another nitroglycerin tablet takes precedence in managing the ongoing chest pain. Waiting an additional 5 minutes before giving a second nitroglycerin tablet (Choice D) may delay symptom relief and potentially worsen the client's condition if the chest pain persists.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is B: Replacing deficient thyroid hormone. Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and weight gain. By prescribing levothyroxine, the deficient thyroid hormone levels can be restored to normal, alleviating the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect: A: Increasing the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Levothyroxine does not directly affect TSH production; TSH is secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland. C: Inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis - Levothyroxine does not inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis; it provides the body with the thyroid hormone it lacks. D: Increasing the metabolism of thyroid hormones - Levothyroxine does not increase the metabolism of thyroid hormones; it directly

Correct answer:

Step-by-step rationale for why "A: De-nol" is the correct answer: 1. De-nol contains the active ingredient bismuth subcitrate, which stimulates the protective function of the mucous barrier. 2. Bismuth subcitrate forms a protective layer on the mucous membrane, enhancing its stability against damaging factors. 3. This protective effect helps prevent damage to the mucous membrane from factors like acid, bile salts, and other irritants. 4. Sucralfate also forms a protective barrier but through a different mechanism, making it an incorrect choice. 5. Misoprostol and Omeprazole are not directly involved in stimulating the protective function of the mucous barrier, making them incorrect choices. Summary: De-nol is the correct choice because it directly stimulates the protective function of the mucous barrier and enhances the stability of the mucous membrane against damaging factors. Sucralfate, Misoprostol, and Omeprazole

Correct answer:

The correct answer is A because it provides comprehensive and appropriate instructions for managing the thickly white-coated tongue associated with fluphenazine. First, advising to avoid foods high in sugar helps prevent further irritation. Second, emphasizing good oral hygiene by brushing teeth and tongue, flossing, and gargling with mouthwash helps to reduce the coating. Third, encouraging daily tongue checks and prompt physician notification ensures monitoring and timely intervention if needed. Choice B is incorrect because it lacks the comprehensive approach of Choice A, omitting the importance of flossing and daily tongue checks. Choice C is incorrect as it dismisses the issue without providing any guidance on how to manage the side effect. Choice D is incorrect as it introduces irrelevant information about nasal inhalants that can confuse the patient and is not directly related to managing the white-coated tongue.

Correct answer:

Ciprofloxacin (B) is the correct answer as it's widely recommended for prophylaxis in close adult contacts of meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis. A single dose effectively reduces nasopharyngeal carriage, preventing invasive disease spread. Co-amoxiclav (A) is appropriate for human and animal bites due to its coverage of anaerobes and skin pathogens like Pasteurella, but B is highlighted here. Flucloxacillin (C) isn't used for diphtheria prophylaxis; erythromycin or penicillin is preferred to eradicate Corynebacterium diphtheriae carriage. Erythromycin (D) is suitable for pertussis prophylaxis in unvaccinated infants exposed to Bordetella pertussis, reducing transmission. Aciclovir (original E) isn't standard for herpes labialis contact prophylaxis. Ciprofloxacin's efficacy, ease of administration, and alignment with public health protocols make it a critical tool in controlling meningococcal outbreaks.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is C: Thiazide or calcium channel blocker primary. This choice is correct because African Americans tend to respond better to thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers in managing hypertension. Thiazide diuretics are recommended as first-line treatment in this population due to their effectiveness and lower risk of adverse effects. Calcium channel blockers are also preferred as they have shown good efficacy and tolerability. Choice A (Clonidine) is incorrect as it is not recommended as a primary treatment option for hypertension. Choice B (Betablockers) is also incorrect as they are not the preferred initial treatment in African American patients due to lower efficacy compared to other drug classes. Choice D (ACE-1 inhibitors) is incorrect as they are not recommended as first-line treatment in this population, as they may be less effective in African Americans compared to other drug classes.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is B: It inhibits hydroxymethyl lutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase to reduce the biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver. Statin drugs work by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme, statins reduce the production of cholesterol in the body. This mechanism helps lower the levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood. Incorrect choices: A: It inhibits the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine - This is incorrect because statins do not affect the absorption of dietary cholesterol but rather target cholesterol synthesis in the liver. C: It binds to bile in the intestinal track forming an insoluble complex that is excreted in the feces - This is incorrect as it describes the mechanism of bile acid sequestrants, not statins. D: It stimulates the biliary system to increase the excretion of

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The correct answer is B: A rich blood supply to the area of absorption leads to better absorption. A rich blood supply enhances drug absorption by allowing for faster diffusion of the drug into the bloodstream. This is because a greater blood flow increases the concentration gradient, facilitating quicker absorption. Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect: A: The statement that the smaller the surface area for absorption, the more rapidly the drug is absorbed is incorrect. Larger surface area typically leads to faster absorption due to increased contact with absorbing surfaces. C: The statement that the less soluble the drug, the more easily it is absorbed is incorrect. Solubility affects dissolution, not absorption. D: The statement that ionized drugs are easily absorbed across the cell membrane is incorrect. Ionized drugs have lower permeability across cell membranes compared to non-ionized drugs.

Correct answer:

The correct answer is B: Reduction of angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction in the kidney. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that works by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. In this patient with systolic heart failure, reducing angiotensin II levels will lead to vasodilation and decreased vasoconstriction in the kidney, improving renal blood flow and reducing fluid retention. This helps to alleviate symptoms of heart failure and improve overall cardiac function. Incorrect choices: A: Increased cardiac contractility - Captopril does not directly increase cardiac contractility. C: Reduction of preload and afterload - While ACE inhibitors can reduce preload and afterload, the primary mechanism of captopril is through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. D: Stimulation of epinephrine release from adrenergic nerves - Captopril does not stimulate epinephrine release; it actually inhibits the

Correct answer:

The correct answer is B: Respect for persons. This principle is demonstrated by ensuring the patient's right to self-determination, which means respecting their autonomy and right to make decisions about their own healthcare. This principle is a fundamental aspect of research ethics, emphasizing the importance of treating individuals as autonomous agents. A: Beneficence focuses on doing good for the research subjects and maximizing benefits while minimizing harms, but it does not directly relate to self-determination. C: Justice involves fairness in the selection of research participants and distribution of benefits and burdens, but it is not directly related to self-determination. D: Informed consent is a process that includes providing information to participants to ensure they can make an informed decision about participating in research, which is related to but not the same as respecting self-determination.